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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Girolami-Methode</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Die <b>Girolami-Methode</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ist eine Methode zur Abschätzung von <a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichten</a> reiner flüssiger Stoffe bei <a href="Raumtemperatur" title="Raumtemperatur">Raumtemperatur</a>. Der Schwerpunkt dieses Modells ist die einfache Abschätzung der Stoffdichte und nicht deren hohe Genauigkeit.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verfahren">Verfahren</h2></div>
<p>Die Methode verwendet rein additive Volumenbeiträge für einzelne Atome und zusätzlich einen Korrekturfaktor für Stoffe mit speziellen <a href="Funktionelle_Gruppe" title="Funktionelle Gruppe">funktionellen Gruppen</a>, die eine <a href="Volumenkontraktion" title="Volumenkontraktion">Volumenkontraktion</a> bewirken und somit eine höhere Dichte. Damit ist die Methode eine Mischung aus einer Atom- und einer <a href="Gruppenbeitragsmethoden" title="Gruppenbeitragsmethoden">Gruppenbeitragsmethode</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atombeiträge"><span id="Atombeitr.C3.A4ge"></span>Atombeiträge</h3></div>
<p>Die Methode verwendet folgende Beiträge für die verschiedenen Atome:
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Element</th>
<th>Relatives Volumen <br>V<sub>i</sub>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">Wasserstoff</a></td>
<td>1
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> bis <a href="Fluor" title="Fluor">Fluor</a></td>
<td>2
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Natrium" title="Natrium">Natrium</a> bis <a href="Chlor" title="Chlor">Chlor</a></td>
<td>4
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Kalium" title="Kalium">Kalium</a> bis <a href="Brom" title="Brom">Brom</a></td>
<td>5
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> bis <a href="Iod" title="Iod">Iod</a></td>
<td>7,5
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="C%C3%A4sium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cäsium">Cäsium</a> bis <a href="Bismut" title="Bismut">Bismut</a></td>
<td>9
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Ein skaliertes Molekülvolumen wird nun über
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{S}=\sum _{i}V_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>S</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{S}=\sum _{i}V_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cef7cd4778674a992d0788acc2855130b3af6dd6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:11.643ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{S}=\sum _{i}V_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>und die Dichte dann über
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d={\frac {M}{5\cdot V_{S}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>S</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d={\frac {M}{5\cdot V_{S}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e9abe51bbeea744551d199a283514db779e9950b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:10.64ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d={\frac {M}{5\cdot V_{S}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>mit der <a href="Molare_Masse" title="Molare Masse">molaren Masse</a> M bestimmt. Der Faktor <b>5</b> dient dazu, die Dichte in g·cm<sup>−3</sup> zu erhalten.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gruppenbeiträge"><span id="Gruppenbeitr.C3.A4ge"></span>Gruppenbeiträge</h3></div>
<p>Für einige Stoffe stellt Girolami fest, dass deren Volumen geringer und deren Dichte größer als das über die angegebene Formel berechnet ist. Für Komponenten mit
</p>
<ul><li>einer Hydroxyfunktion (<a href="Alkohole" title="Alkohole">Alkohole</a>)</li>
<li>einer Carboxyfunktion (<a href="Carbons%C3%A4ure" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonsäure">Carbonsäuren</a>)</li>
<li>einer primären oder sekundären Aminofunktion (<a href="Amine" title="Amine">Amine</a>)</li>
<li>einer <a href="Amidgruppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Amidgruppe">Amidgruppe</a> (inkl. am <a href="Stickstoff" title="Stickstoff">Stickstoff</a> <a href="Substitutionsreaktion" title="Substitutionsreaktion">substituierter</a> Amide)</li>
<li>einer Sulfoxidgruppe (<a href="Sulfoxid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfoxid">Sulfoxide</a>)</li>
<li>einer Sulfongruppen (<a href="Sulfon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfon">Sulfone</a>)</li>
<li>einem Ring (nicht-<a href="Anellierung" title="Anellierung">anelliert</a>)</li></ul>
<p>reicht es aus, für jedes Vorkommen die Dichte, die aus der Hauptbestimmungsgleichung bestimmt worden ist, um 10 % zu erhöhen. Für Sulfongruppen ist der doppelte Faktor anzuwenden (20 %).
</p><p>Ein weiterer Spezialfall sind Stoffe mit anellierten Ringsystemen wie etwa <a href="Naphthalin" title="Naphthalin">Naphthalin</a>. Die Dichte dieser Stoffe ist um 7,5 % pro Ring zu erhöhen, für Naphthalin somit um 15 %.
</p><p>Falls mehrere dieser Korrekturen notwendig sind, sind sie zu addieren, jedoch nicht über insgesamt 130 % hinaus.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispielrechnungen">Beispielrechnungen</h2></div>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Stoff
</th>
<th>M<br>[g/mol]
</th>
<th>Volumen V<sub>S</sub>
</th>
<th>Korrekturen
</th>
<th>Berechnete Dichte<br>[g·cm<sup>−3</sup>]
</th>
<th>Exp. Dichte<br>[g·cm<sup>−3</sup>]
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Cyclohexanol" title="Cyclohexanol">Cyclohexanol</a>
</td>
<td>100
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (6\cdot 2)+(12\cdot 1)+(1\cdot 2)=26}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>12</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>26</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (6\cdot 2)+(12\cdot 1)+(1\cdot 2)=26}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/73fd9709417b66edbeb0c95e25b5dd25d5270c17.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.707ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (6\cdot 2)+(12\cdot 1)+(1\cdot 2)=26}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>Ein Ring und eine Hydroxygruppe = 120 %
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d={\frac {1{,}2\cdot 100}{5\cdot 26}}=0{,}92}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>100</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>26</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>92</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d={\frac {1{,}2\cdot 100}{5\cdot 26}}=0{,}92}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c14c9568d80401ee5c6de52dc6536215a9576b37.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:20.521ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d={\frac {1{,}2\cdot 100}{5\cdot 26}}=0{,}92}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>0,962
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Dimethylethylphosphin
</td>
<td>90
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (4\cdot 2)+(11\cdot 1)+(1\cdot 4)=23}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>11</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>23</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (4\cdot 2)+(11\cdot 1)+(1\cdot 4)=23}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0a30080c8f241cee44bbe55516581781f208c43.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.707ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (4\cdot 2)+(11\cdot 1)+(1\cdot 4)=23}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>Keine Korrekturen
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d={\frac {90}{5\cdot 23}}=0{,}78}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>90</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>23</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>78</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d={\frac {90}{5\cdot 23}}=0{,}78}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6595aeb72cd6cb928f3235656821bb15263c8397.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:17.55ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d={\frac {90}{5\cdot 23}}=0{,}78}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>0,76
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Ethylendiamin" title="Ethylendiamin">Ethylendiamin</a>
</td>
<td>60
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (2\cdot 2)+(8\cdot 1)+(2\cdot 2)=16}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>16</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (2\cdot 2)+(8\cdot 1)+(2\cdot 2)=16}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8fe99db2682c0167bec2b459f75acfe78ff36a27.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:28.544ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (2\cdot 2)+(8\cdot 1)+(2\cdot 2)=16}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>Zwei primäre Amingruppen = 120 %
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d={\frac {1{,}2\cdot 60}{5\cdot 16}}=0{,}90}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>60</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>16</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>90</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d={\frac {1{,}2\cdot 60}{5\cdot 16}}=0{,}90}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2e6c6dd662d882e022da4fe5d31d8f3bd908e4b5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:19.359ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d={\frac {1{,}2\cdot 60}{5\cdot 16}}=0{,}90}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>0,899
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Sulfolan" title="Sulfolan">Sulfolan</a>
</td>
<td>120
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (4\cdot 2)+(8\cdot 1)+(2\cdot 2)+(1\cdot 4)=24}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>24</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (4\cdot 2)+(8\cdot 1)+(2\cdot 2)+(1\cdot 4)=24}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/084c1e673b2871b8fc03e6a2fd2160d48dc831da.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:37.198ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (4\cdot 2)+(8\cdot 1)+(2\cdot 2)+(1\cdot 4)=24}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>Ein Ring und zwei S=O-Bindungen = 130 %
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d={\frac {1{,}3\cdot 120}{5\cdot 24}}=1{,}30}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>120</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>24</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>30</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d={\frac {1{,}3\cdot 120}{5\cdot 24}}=1{,}30}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/42584c49368ae0ab45a74d781eda010d159d2eb2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:20.521ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d={\frac {1{,}3\cdot 120}{5\cdot 24}}=1{,}30}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>1,262
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="1-Bromnaphthalin" title="1-Bromnaphthalin">1-Bromnaphthalin</a>
</td>
<td>207
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (10\cdot 2)+(7\cdot 1)+(1\cdot 5)=32}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>32</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (10\cdot 2)+(7\cdot 1)+(1\cdot 5)=32}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/587b7dc5c3a854c439cce28b822f68475529384a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.707ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (10\cdot 2)+(7\cdot 1)+(1\cdot 5)=32}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>Zwei <a href="Anellierung" title="Anellierung">anellierte</a> Ringe = 115 %
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d={\frac {1{,}15\cdot 207}{5\cdot 32}}=1{,}49}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>15</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>207</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>32</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>49</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d={\frac {1{,}15\cdot 207}{5\cdot 32}}=1{,}49}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/095af6a075e7df05410bccd4fdbbf43effac06ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:21.684ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d={\frac {1{,}15\cdot 207}{5\cdot 32}}=1{,}49}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>1,483
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qualität"><span id="Qualit.C3.A4t"></span>Qualität</h2></div>
<p>Der Autor gibt für 166 getestete Komponenten einen mittleren quadratischen Fehler (RMS) von 0,049 g·cm<sup>−3</sup> an. Lediglich für zwei Komponenten (<a href="Acetonitril" title="Acetonitril">Acetonitril</a> und Dibromchlormethan) wurde ein Fehler größer als 0,1 g·cm <sup>−3</sup> festgestellt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aim.env.uea.ac.uk/aim/density/density.php">Online-Rechner für das Girolami-Modell</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory S. Girolami, A Simple "Back of the Envelope" Method for Estimating the Densities and Molecular Volume of Liquids and Volumes, J. of Chemical Education, 71(11), 962-964 (1994)</span>
</li>
</ol></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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